Theory of Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moment for Evidence of Dark Matter and Energy for Accelerating 3He during Solar Flares

Solar flares, jets and coronal mass ejections release plasma during solar storms and activities. Such explosions occur against the huge gravitational attraction of the sun with acceleration of plasma filaments into space away from the sun. Recently, NASA has measured huge enrichment of 3He in such solar jets. The 3He enrichment mechanism is unknown. In this work, the author reports a new mechanism of 3He enrichment via the negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) of 3He and the solar jets dissipations of -NMM to dark (Dk) fields and particles. This mechanism is derived on the basis of prior mechanism of RBL for planetary lightning (plasma) by production of streamers and step leaders in huge electric fields of background null and/or positive NMMs with rattling of trace seed solute nuclei of negative NMMs for inducing local electric fields and Dk fields about the trace negative NMMs for seeding the path of least resistance among the many step leaders as one leader of more enriched negative NMMs is selected for discharging the lightning channel. Evidence of such a mechanism by RBL is further discussed.

Introduction

³He is one of two stable isotopes of helium. These two isotopes (³He and ⁴He) are produced inside the sun and other stars by the fusion of hydrogen (¹H). As the sun ages, ¹H is consumed and ³He and ⁴He are accumulated. The sun is in its main sequence stage and is middle aged. The sun is thought to continue in main sequence for millions of years. At its middle age, the sun is mostly ¹H and contains only small amounts of ³He and ⁴He. The sun and other stars are known to undergo solar storms whereby they generate strong magnetic fields and release plasma to the surrounding space for producing cosmic rays. The nature of these solar storms differs as some involve very strong magnetic fields at the surface of the sun, but others may involve weaker magnetic fields at the surface of the sun. As the sun is mostly ¹H, the content of such solar flares of the released cosmic particles is expected to have mostly ¹H. However, during some solar jets and flares, scientists have observed and measured the release of jets and cosmic particles enriched with ³He. The origin of ³He enriched flares is unknown. It has been noted that such ³He jets originate under weaker surface magnetic storms. Recently, the highest ³He concentrated solar flare was measured by NASA/EPA Solar Orbiter [1]. Although scientists do not understand the mechanism, ³He enormously enriched in the recent solar jet. A team of scientists at Southwest Research Institute [2] has attempted to understand the mechanism in general, as being driven by high-energy, accelerated particles during solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

Hypothesis

The author proposes that the greater acceleration and isotopic separation of ³He in solar jets, coronal mass ejections and solar flares are due to the negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) of ³He.

Discussion

³He is rare. It is thought that a lot of it accumulated in the core of the Earth during the formation of the Solar System and the Earth. The author (RBL) proposed in 2003 that the unconventional fusion inside the core of the Earth forms ³He [3]. The RBL recently proposed the formation of novel compounds and interactions of noble gases by their nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs). Recently, scientists discovered that high pressures and high temperatures induce the selective formations of compounds between iron and ³He [4]. RBL has applied his model of NMMs to explain this property of ³He selectively binding Fe (iron) under conditions of high pressures and high temperatures as exist deep in the Earth’s mantle [3].

Composition of Solar Jets and Unusual Mass-to-Charge for Explaining Greater 3He Acceleration

Solar jets are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. Protons and electrons are the most abundant particles. The protons have positive NMMs and the electrons have positive NMMs from outside protons and negative NMMs from inside neutrons (according to RBL’s theory). The positive and negative NMMs of the electrons via spin up and spin down pairing could interact to slow the electrons more by electron–-electron interactions. But ³He lacks a counter positive NMM, except by ³T (tritium), but ³T has a different charge of +1, whereas ³He²⁺ has charge 2+. ³T also has a positive NMM, whereas ³He has a negative NMM. Thereby ³T cannot counter the inward pull by the Br fields during solar jets. But ³He releases Dk fields due to its negative NMM and can counter the inner Br pull to accelerate and push ³He outward from the sun’s surface to enrich it in the solar jets. Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Neon, Magnesium, Silicon, Sulfur and Iron are also in solar jets, but these elements occur in lower abundances than H and He. As the plasma content goes to iron and beyond in the periodic table, thermodynamically, the stability of fusion decreases and stability of fission increases, so the tendency for protons + electrons + antineutrinos ↔ neutrons + neutrinos decrease, inverse beta processes decrease, the use of anti-neutrinos and production of neutrinos decrease, and an increase in mass number decreases. But as plasma content goes to iron and beyond in the periodic table, thermodynamically, neutrons + neutrinos ↔ protons + electrons + anitneutrinos increases, beta process increases, use of neutrons and production of antineutrinos increases, and/or there is an increase in the decrease in mass number.

But 3T1+ has Similar Mass as 3He2+

Other scientists have proposed theory that the unique mass to charge of ³He causes its selective fractionation in the solar jets. If the mass-to-charge ratio of ³He (of nucleus of 2p⁺ + 1n⁰) causes unusual acceleration, then why does 1 proton and 2 neutron (of nucleus with 1p⁺ + 2n⁰) of ³T not cause similar acceleration? Well by their [2] theory, the ³He has smaller mass/charge of 3/2, relative to ³T (tritium) mass/charge of 3/1. So the more mass/charge of ³T would accelerate ³T less in the electric fields of the solar jets. But their theory also requires even greater acceleration of ¹H (protium) in the solar jet as ¹H has even smaller mass to charge than ³He. But the data and measurements observe enrichment of the solar jets in ³He and but no enrichment in ¹H of the solar jet. Here RBL introduces nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) differences of ¹H, ³T and ³He to explain the observed measured selective enrichment of ³He in the solar jets. The mass of ³He is similar to ³T (³H), but ³He has twice the charge as ³T. But the ³T is more unstable than ³He. ³T may, under some conditions of a stronger surface magnetic field, fiss to cause its huge enrichment and to acceleration in solar flares and coronal mass ejections of different types. But if the charge is greater for ³He than ³T, then the magnetic field upon acceleration of ³He should be greater. Such magnetic interactions of ³He from its charge would increase its viscous interaction with the surrounding plasma and impede its accelerations and separations within the solar jets. But the ³He has internal spin and negative NMM in addition to the charge motion by RBL theory and the Little Effect. The changing electric field in the changing magnetic field of the spin and nonzero NMM induces a magnetic field about the nucleons and nucleus for twisting the nucleons and nuclei. The spin in a changing electric field causes an induced electric field and charging about the ³He nuclei. In the limit of these inductions, the induced magnetic field snaps as RBL reasoned in 2007 [5] to form gravity from the induced magnetic field. And by such snapping of magnetic field, in 2007 RBL reasoned Dk gravity can form or Br gravity can form depending on clockwise or counterclockwise rotations of quarks. And in the limit of the inductions, RBL reasoned that the induced electric field snaps relativistically to induced pressure fields and thermal space. Unlike ³He, ³T has the similiar mass but a smaller charge for weaker induced magnetism by its charge but, but ³T has Br gravity. ³T thereby has induced electric field from its positive NMM and induced Br gravity. In addition to charge, the ³T has positive (+) 2.979 NMM and spin. The ³He has 0.000137% relative abundance (on earth), negative (−) 2.12 NMM and spin. ³T has spin of ½ and + 2.979 NMM. ¹H has 99.9885 % relative abundance (on earth), spin 1 ½ and +2.79 NMM. ²D (²H) has 0.0115 % relative abundance (on earth), spin of zero and +0.857 NMM. Thereby on basis of NMMs the ³T and ³He have dramatic differences in polaritites of NMMs between two nuclei from +3.979 NMM (³T) to –2.12 NMM (³He) for dramatic separations of these isotopes of these two elements (not by their different mass to charge, but) on the basis of large difference of polarities and chiralities of NMMs.

Why would abundant ¹H with its positive NMM not produce a counter Br field to bind ³He and prevent the solar flares and ³He enrichment in the solar flares at the sun’s surface? The p⁺ from ¹H are more stable than both ³He and ³T and does not not as much disintegrate and fractionally, reversibly fiss and fuse as much as ³He and ³T. Thereby, the p⁺ is not as able to oppose the Dk gravity acting on the ³He to oppose its production and enrichment in the solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

It is important to consider how neutrinos and antineutrinos drive these dynamics. The surface of the sun is diverging more electron neutrinos and fewer electron antineutrinos as diverging or converging from the surface of the sun. Therefore the neutrinos drive this process of RBL as the neutrino drives beta process and antineutrino drives inverse beta process. Beta process requires neutron. The plasma forming the solar jet has mostly ¹H, some ³T, some ³He and some ⁴He. The ¹H lacks n⁰ to be stimulated by abundant diverging electron neutrinos from the core of the sun by Little Effect and mechanism reported here. In the plasma, the ³T has one n⁰ and ³He has two n⁰ and ⁴He has two n⁰. So ³T, ³He and ⁴He have neutrons and would be stimulated by Little Effect here. But ³T is stimulated less than ³He as ³T has one n⁰ and ³He has two n⁰. The electron neutrino stimulation of ³T would accelerate ³T inward to the sun’s interior due to ³T having positive NMM. But the electron neutrino stimulation of ³He would drive ³He outward from the solar surface due to ³He having negative NMM. By RBL theory, ⁴He is not as driven toward the interior of the sun due to ⁴He having stability of its nucleus due to ⁴He having two p⁺ and two n⁰ for double magnetic nuclear numbers.

RBL here further reasons that in very magnetized solar jets, the ³T may concentrate and the high energy conditions can induce fission of the ³T. The ³He may fiss reversibly, but ³He is more stable than ³T, so irreversible fissing of ³T may explain the power of some solar flares and coronal mass ejections under a stronger magnetic field at the sun’s surface. But the more stable ³He is less likely to fiss reversibly due to its longer half-life and greater stability relative to ³T. The ³T has half-filled p⁺ shell and filled neutron shell for the instability of the neutron, causing ³T’s shorter lifetime by RBL’s theory as due to instability of the neutrons due to their dark nature due to fissing of the neutron by beta process [6]. On the other hand, the ³He has half-filled neutron shell and filled proton shell for stability of the proton shell and intrinsic instability of the neutron due to its bright nature for explaining the greater stability of ³He relative to ³T. But under intense energy at the sun’s surface and corona, the ³He is highly activated to FR fiss and fuse, in spite of its stability. But the two neutrons of stability in ³T interfere with each other by spin–-spin interactions of the two neutrons in ³T; so the p⁺ cannot cause cause stability of 2 neutrons by 1 proton in ³T for instability of the 2 neutrons (in spite of the 2 neutrons forming filled nuclear shell and having magic number of 2) and ³T’s shorter half-life. The ³He having 2 protons in orbital shells and spin paired for magic number 2 for the 2 protons for stability of the protons, but the ³He still has neutron instability (due to only one neutron and the neutrons half-filled shell) for fissing of the neutron and induced instability of the pair of protons but the neutron stabilizes the two protons from irreversible fissing of ³He under the high energy stellar surface and corona. In general, by RBL’s theory, such interactions within and between ³T and ³He can explain the stabilities of more massive nuclei by nucleon molecules and magnetic numbers. By this analysis using the theory of RBL, it is explained why strongly magnetic solar flares are enriched in ³T and weakly magnetic solar jets are enriched in ³He.

Theory of -NMM Causing 3He Enrichment in Solar Jets with Further Evidence by 17O, 25Mg, and 21Ne Enrichments

The plasma of the sun under weaker magnetization of its surface and solar storms with strong electric fields can undergo the spin fluctuations in the flares and jets of the plasma for inducing magnetic fluctuations of nuclear spins and stronger magnetic fluctuations of the nuclei having negative NMMs relative to nuclei having positive NMMs. Such stronger magnetic fluctuations of negative NMMs are due to the softer nature of multiple nucleon particles of greater neutron contents and net neutronic nuclear orbital momenta and fields of the nuclei of negative NMM (relative to nuclei of + NMMs) with fractional, reversible release of greater negative NMMs by RBL’s theory. Such release of negative NMM dissipates to Dk fields by RBL’s theory. The positive NMMs have more protons and protonic nuclear orbitals internal to nuclei create positive NMMs and are harder proton orbitals and positive NMMs. The released positive NMMs are harder than released negative NMMs from nuclei for harder natures of the positive NMMs by RBL’s theory [5], [6], [13]. During solar flares and jets, the nuclei of positive NMMs are less polarizable and negative NMMs are more polarizable; so the negative NMMs create stronger induced electric fields in the plasma and dark fields in the plasma for accelerating the negative NMMs and electrons associated with the negative NMMs. On such basis, the author (RBL) discloses the ³He is more accelerated during solar jets, solar flares and coronal mass ejections by weak magnetic solar surfaces due to the negative NMM of ³He and its internal acceleration as the fluctuations of its negative NMMs induce strong electric fields and dark fields for accelerating the ³He in the electric field of the flares. The other nuclei like ¹H, ³T, ¹³C, have positive NMMs. And the ¹⁵N and ¹⁷O have negative positive NMMs. ⁴He, ¹²C, ¹⁴N, ¹⁶O, ¹⁸O, ³²S, ²⁰Ne, ²⁶Mg, and ²⁹Si have null (zero) NMMs. These nuclei having negative NMMs are accelerated in the solar jets relative to the nuclei having positive and null NMMs. The author’s (RBL) theory is supported here by the additional experimental fact that solar jets are experimentally observed to be enriched in ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O compared to the sun’s bulk composition [7]. Such enrichment of jets in ¹⁷O follows from the negative NMM of ¹⁷O. The magnetic, neutronic-rich nature of ¹⁸O allows for possible induced negative NMMs in ¹⁸O and its enrichment in the solar jets. But what about ¹⁵N? ¹⁵N has not been observed to be enriched in solar winds and jets. Such absence of ¹⁵N enrichment in solar jets in spite of ¹⁵N’s negative NMMs may be reasoned by the low overall ¹⁵N content in the sun [8]! Mg is also released in solar jets, researchers have measured enrichment of ²⁵Mg relative to ²⁴Mg in solar flares and this is consistent with RBL’s theory as ²⁵Mg has negative NMM just as ³He and ¹⁷O.

If RBL’s theory of the negative NMMs causing the acceleration of ³He and enrichment of ³He is true as proposed by corresponding enrichments of ¹⁷O and ²⁵Mg due to their negative NMMs, then elements with nuclei having positive NMMs should be depleted in the solar jets and coronal mass ejections. Scientists have measure the ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio of solar jets and did not observe depletion of ¹³C [9]. The unusual enrichment of ¹³C is due to the CNO cycle in the sun and the life stage of the stars. It is not that the solar flares enrich in ¹³C. The increasing age of the sun increases the enrichment of ¹³C due to CNO cycle for observed increase in ¹³C in solar and stellar flares. “Large amounts of energy are release from the sun during solar flares.” During such energetic releases the isotopic enrichment of ³³S has not been observed for consistency here of RBL’s model of the solar jets as ³³S has + NMM and should not be enriched in solar flares. Neon isotopes have been measured to enriched in ²¹Ne and ²²Ne relative to ²⁰Ne during solar jets [10]. ²¹Ne has negative NMM. ²⁰Ne/²²Ne = 7.6 and ²¹Ne/²²Ne ~ 0.11. ²⁰Ne/²¹Ne ~ 335 on earth. In solar jets, ²⁰Ne/²¹Ne ~ 69. These enrichments of ²¹Ne and ²²Ne in solar jets are consistent with RBL’s theory as ²¹Ne has negative NMM and ²²Ne likely has induced negative NMM.

Comparison to Lightning Mechanism of RBL to Solar Jet Mechanism

Such nature of the plasma on the surface of the sun and other stars for accelerating the negative NMMs more strongly is analogous to RBL’s prior theory of the origin of lightning on planets due to atmospheric gases having trace nuclei of negative NMMs. The earth has ¹⁵N of negative NMMs and is the origin of lightning streamers and step leaders in the strong electric fields on the earth by RBL’s theory as the strong electric fields in the cloud induce electric fields as the ¹⁵N and its negative NMMs rattle to induce strong electric fields about the negative NMMs of the ¹⁵N to induce a path of least resistance through the insulating air on earth. Many step leaders precede lightning discharge; and by RBL’s model the step leaders and the organization and enrichment of the negative NMMs find the path that organizes the more negative NMMs for focusing the lightning channel. Likewise, the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn with their ³He and ¹⁵N in (¹⁵NH₃) in hydrogen solvent gas involve negative NMMs of ³He and ¹⁵N to rattle and induce electric fields for streamers and step leaders for wiring lightning across the large cloud electric fields! Uranus has NH₃ with ¹⁵N and the ¹⁵N during storms undergo agitations in the strong clouds of Uranus for inducing local electric fields about ¹⁵N in ¹⁵NH₃ for creating paths of least resistance in the insulating H₂ gas in Uranus. The NH₃ is liquified and frozen from the atmosphere of Neptune due to the colder temperatures of Neptune. This causes Neptune to lack lightning.

Comparison to Ytterbium and Its Isotope Effect

The recent observation of unusual interactions of Ytterbium nuclei with their surrounding electrons [11], [12] is further supportive of RBL’s theory of negative NMM of ³He and associated release of Dk energy for causing isotopic fractionation and concentration of ³He isotope in solar jets. MIT scientists in 2020 [11] initially reported such anomaly among ytterbium isotopes as they performed laser excitations of ytterbium and observed unusual emission spectra with variations among the isotopes that did not fit current theory of electron–-nuclear interactions. They determined that unconventional distortions of the nuclei did not produce sufficiently large altered energies to match the data with 3 sigma certainty. 5 years later a team of scientists headed by Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics replicated this work but improve the accuracy by using frequency combs and gathering such isotopic shift in the emission spectra with greater than 23 sigma difference between data and theory by nuclear distortion [12]. The scientists noted a possible explanation of the anomaly could be a dark boson of medium mass interacting with the electrons to cause the discrepancy. The dark photon was noted to originate from neutrons and the number of neutrons varied from isotope to isotope for the ytterbium isotopes for causing the observed isotope shift. A prior theory of neutrons having more Dk matter on basis of their two down quarks had been given by RBL in 2017 [13]. RBL had also noted that the proton has less Dk internal matter as it has only 1 down quark. RBL associated the up quark with Br matter. RBL further noted the negative NMMs originated from backward motions of down quarks and more negative (–) NMMs and more dissipated Dk fields came from neutrons. RBL here proposes Dk energy and/or matter may be detected from neutron decay. But RBL noted the forward motions of up quarks caused the positive (+) NMMs. RBL in 2017 [13] therein noted that fractional, reversible (FR) fissing and fusing of nuclei with positive or negative NMMs released + NMM and – NMMs into surrounding electron lattice to alter the electronic shells. RBL also noted that the released + NMM and – NMM dissipated to gravities for Br fields and Dk fields from p⁺ and n⁰, respectively, and bosons for affecting surrounding electronic shells, subshells, orbitals and electron spins and vice versa [13].

RBL here notes that similar fractional, reversible fissing and fusing of ³He nuclei (as fissing and fusing of Yb nuclei for releasing Dk bosons to surrounding electrons) occur under induction in the Sun’s plasma for releasing negative NMMs and Dk fields in the corona and solar surface for accelerating ³He from the surface of the sun outward during the seeding and manifestation of coronal mass ejections from the sun and solar flares. As scientists continue to attempt to explain the data by distortions of Yb nuclei, more difficulties arise as more energies are required for the unusual, needed distortions of the Yb nuclei. RBL here notes that the Dk field and negative NMMs may be the causes of such unusual energetic distortions of the nuclei due to the negative NMMs for providing the unusual large electronic energy changes. RBL noted a relativistic effect for relativistic Little Effect.

This research on Yb determines that nuclei with negative NMMs can be perturbed to release negative NMMs and the negative NMMs can transduce to Dk energy. Thereby such evidence of nuclei with negative NMMs releasing Dk energy supports the possibility of ³He releasing Dk energy as it is agitated in the plasma of the sun and in the solar storms producing solar flares for the Dk fields about ³He and other nuclei with negative or induced negative NMMs (¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ²¹Ne, ²²Ne, and ²⁵Mg) in solar flares for opposing the huge Br gravity of the sun and the Br electromagnetic forces of the sun for pushing the ³He and these other isotopes with proclivity for negative NMMs away from the sun for fractionating the isotopes having negative NMMs from other nuclei having 0 NMMs or positive NMMs.

Conclusion

On the basis of the application of the prior theory of RBL for lightning mechanism for plasma generation in atmospheres of planets by trace seeds of negative nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) of ³He,¹⁵N and ¹⁷O in helium, ammonia, molecular nitrogen (N₂) and water gases and vapors of planets, a consistent theory of plasma forming solar jets of thread plasma erupting from the surface of the sun under weak surface magnetic fields is reasoned by the negative NMM and dissipated dark field from ³He for enriching ³He in the solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The known data from mass analyses of other elements and their isotopes in solar jets determine consistent reasoning of enrichments of ¹⁷O, ²¹Ne, and ²⁵Mg on the basis of these nuclides, also as ³He having negative NMMs. Although ¹⁵N has negative NMM, its non-enrichment in solar flares can be reasoned by its involvement in the CNO cycle and the involvement has it interacting strongly with the abundant ¹H solvent in the sun such that the depletion of ¹H causes the ¹H solvent to strip the binding ¹⁵N from the forming solar flare in spite of ¹⁵N’s negative NMM. The author would like to note a similar interaction of ¹⁵N with ¹H as reasoned by the author and reported on controversial superconductivity in nitrogen doped lutetium hydride.

The author further notes for solar plasma the data shows enrichment of ¹³C and such enrichment for ¹³C can be reasoned as the ¹³C is apart of the CNO cycle and binding ¹H in the cycle. The author reasoned that ¹³C due to its positive NMM does not bind the ¹H as strongly as the ¹⁵N of negative NMMs. Due to the weaker binding of ¹³C to ¹H the ¹H does not as well strip the ¹³C from the forming and erupting solar flares as it depletes¹⁵N from the solar flares. On earth as far as ¹³C interacting with ¹H in comparison to ¹⁵N interacting with ¹H, the author notes this may explain the needed higher pressures (relative to lower pressures for nitrogen doped lutetium hydride) for carbonaceous sulfur hydrides. But back to the sun, in conclusion it could be that the sun and stars are super fluids. Further consistency with the model (beyond ³He, ¹³C and ¹⁵N) includes the observed depletion of positive NMMs like ¹H, ¹⁰B and ³³S in solar jets. In addition to the positive NMMs of ¹⁰B, ¹⁰B is involved in nuclear reactions (¹⁰B(p,α)⁷Be reaction) that consumes ¹⁰B as it is produced in the sun. The depletion of ¹⁰B thereby prevents enrichment in the sun as the sun ages and possible depletion in solar flares of ¹⁰B as by its positive NMMs. ³³S is also observed to deplete in solar flares and jets as is consistent with RBL’s theory and model as ³³S has positive NMM. The various nuclei having null (0) NMM also further proves RBL’s model as these nuclei (⁴He, ¹²C, ¹⁶O, and ²⁰Ne) are seen not to enrich in solar jets. Further proof and consistency of RBL’s model of negative NMM and dissipation to dark fields causing ³He to enrich and accelerate the solar flares are found in the recently confirmed anomalous isotope effect in Yb (ytterbium) and the possibility that Dk bosons and negative NMMs severely distort Yb’s nuclei and/or interact with surrounding electrons for altering the florescence spectra beyond the standard model.