European Journal of Applied Physics
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics
European Journal of Applied PhysicsEuropean Open Science Publishingen-USEuropean Journal of Applied Physics2684-4451A Newly-Derived Cosmological Redshift Formula Which Solves the Hubble Tension and Yet Maintains Consistency with Tt = T0(1 + z),theRh = ct Principle and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/368
<div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Numerous cosmological redshift formulae have been suggested in the field of cosmology. One of these is the well-known cosmological redshift formula used in the Λ-CDM model and in some R_h = ct models. In a recent type of “black hole” cosmology model, the redshift formula is derived from three fundamental principles: that the Stefan-Boltzmann law holds with respect to perfect and almost perfect black bodies; that the universe follows the R_h = ct principle; and that the time-dependent CMB temperature in relation to cosmological redshift is given by the observed relation T_t = T_0(1 + z). These three principles have recently been used by Haug and Tatum [1] to derive z = Sqrt(R_h/R_t) − 1, which has led to a simple but powerful solution to the Hubble tension [2–4]. This note highlights the importance of these three principles in relation to the new cosmological redshift formula and describes new ways to represent the same cosmological redshift formula.</p> </div> </div> </div>Espen Gaarder HaugEugene Terry Tatum
Copyright (c) 2025 Espen Gaarder Haug, Eugene Terry Tatum
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2025-02-052025-02-0571485010.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.1.368The Rutherford-Harkins-Landau-Chadwick Key–III. Fission Interpreted by Nuclear Chemistry
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/362
<p>Throughout the past century, scientists introduced various models of atomic nuclei, each bringing unique insights yet burdened with inherent limitations. Despite their contributions, no existing model–visualizing protons as red spheres and neutrons as blue–has provided a straightforward framework to predict or explain the outcomes of fusion and fission reactions. A wealth of experimental data gathered over decades in nuclear physics calls for a renewed organization and interpretation. Might there be a hidden principle, a key that unlocks a profound understanding of the phenomena occurring within femtometer dimensions? This work seeks to revisit the turning point in nuclear physics defined by Pauli and Fermi’s neutron and neutrino theory in 1934. We draw inspiration from earlier nuclear models developed by great visionaries such as Rutherford, Harkins, Landau, and Chadwick. Their pre-1934 theories offer a foundation for reexamining the nucleus as the composition of protons and neutrons composed from a proton and an electron. We introduce a set of guiding principles for nuclear structure, which reimagine how the nucleus operates and interacts. This revised perspective offers a gateway to reevaluating long-standing assumptions and forging new insights into nuclear behavior. The implications of this model will be demonstrated across three interconnected papers, each contributing to a more comprehensive view of the nuclear world.</p>Jirí Stávek
Copyright (c) 2025 Jirí Stávek
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2025-01-282025-01-2871404710.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.1.362The Rutherford-Harkins-Landau-Chadwick Key–II. Fusion Interpreted by Nuclear Chemistry
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/360
<p>Over the past century, numerous models of atomic nuclei have been proposed, each with its strengths and weaknesses. However, no nucleus model based on undefined structures of protons (usually depicted as red balls) and neutrons (usually depicted as blue balls) has succeeded in offering a straightforward predictive tool to unravel the mysteries of fusion and the fission process. A century’s worth of experimental data in nuclear physics should be newly organized. Could there be a lost key to unlocking a deeper understanding of phenomena at femtometer scales? We propose to come back before the bifurcation point in nuclear physics that was defined by Pauli and Fermi with their neutron and neutrino hypothesis in the year 1934. We want to return to the classical nuclei models proposed by early pioneers-Rutherford, Harkins, Landau, and Chadwick-before that decisive year 1934. We propose to develop their models further based on the compound neutron (the composition of proton and electron). Our approach introduces a new view into the nucleus structure and their fusion and fission reactions. The potential of this model will be documented in three interconnected papers.</p>Jiri Stavek
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiri Stavek
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2025-01-282025-01-2871323910.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.1.360The Rutherford-Harkins-Landau-Chadwick Key–I. Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/359
<p>For organic chemistry, Kekulè ´s theory of the structure of benzene provided dramatic new clarity of understanding and a reliable guide to both analytic and synthetic studies. The field of organic chemistry developed explosively from this point. Many new models of atomic nuclei have been developed during the last hundred years, and they have advantages and disadvantages. However, no nucleus model based on unorganized structures of protons (usually depicted as red balls) and neutrons (usually depicted as blue balls) can offer a simple predictive model to describe and predict the results of fusion and fission reactions. Many experimental data in nuclear physics during the past century should be newly organized. Is it possible to discover a hidden key that opens doors to a deeper understanding of events occurring in the femtometer size scales? In our model, we propose returning to the bifurcation point in nuclear physics that Pauli and Fermi determined with their neutron and neutrino model in 1934. Based on the classical nuclei models proposed by Old Masters–Rutherford, Harkins, Landau, and Chadwick-before the year 1934, we attempt to further develop their models based on the compound neutron (the composition of proton and electron). Several basic rules for the nuclear structure were postulated, leading to a new view of the world of nuclei. The potential of this model will be documented in three interconnected papers.</p>Jirí Stávek
Copyright (c) 2025 Jirí Stávek
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2025-01-282025-01-2871233110.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.1.359ChatGPT on the Patenting in Nuclear Physics
https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/358
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Question: “If an individual researcher were to discover a completely new road to fusion and fission reactions, should this road be patented or freely shared with other nuclear physicists?” ChatGPT answer: “If I were to discover a revolutionary new road to extract nuclear energy, I would prioritize open collaboration with safeguards to ensure the discovery benefits humanity and accelerates the transition to clean energy. A hybrid approach–combining open licensing with international oversight–would allow for the discovery to be shared, refined, and deployed responsibility. My decision would be driven by the goal of ensuring that this breakthrough serves the greater global good while preventing misuse and ensuring that the energy transition is equitable, safe, and sustainable.”</span> </p>Jirí Stávek
Copyright (c) 2025 Jirí Stávek
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-12-292024-12-2971192510.24018/ejphysics.2024.6.6.358