##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

In the paper it is shown that quenching in slow agitated water salt solution of optimal concentration and in low concentration of inverse solubility polymers is intensive quenching creating maximal temperature gradients at the beginning of cooling. The evidence to support such idea were collected by analyzing quenching process in liquid media where any film boiling process was completely absent. In this case, surface temperature at the beginning of cooling drops closely to saturations temperature of a liquid within the interval 1–2 seconds, independently on nature of water solution, and then during transient nucleate boiling process maintains at the level of boiling point of a liquid which is often called self–regulated thermal process. The computer modeling of such cooling processes provided Kondrat’ev numbered Kn which are strongly linear function of time. At the beginning of cooling Kondrat’ev number is almost equal to 1 while average Kondrat’ev number Kn≥0.8. According to US Patent, intensive quenching starts when Kn=0.8. Based on achieved results, it is possible to perform intensive quenching in slow agitated of low concentration water salt and polymer solutions, usually initiated by hydrodynamic emitters. Along with liquid agitation, emitters generate resonance wave effect which destroys film boiling processes making cooling very uniform and intensive. The proposed IQ process works perfectly when martensite starts temperature Ms>Ts. If saturation temperature TsMs, intensive austempering process via cold liquids can be successfully performed to replace slow cooling of molten salts and alkalis by intensive quenching in liquid media.

References

  1. Kobasko, N. I., Steel Quenching in Liquid Media Under Pressure, Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1980. 206 p.
     Google Scholar
  2. Kobasko, N. I., W. S. Morhuniuk, and B.K. Ushakov, Designing of Steel Intensive Quench Processes, Handbook of Metallurgical Process Design, G. Totten, K. Funatani, and Lin Xie, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, pp. 733–764.
     Google Scholar
  3. Kobasko, N. I., W. S. Morhuniuk, and A. P. Morganyuk, Hardening of Complex Configuration Bodies by Intensive Cooling, Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Heat Treatment of Materials, December 11–14, 1990, Moscow, Vol. 2, 1990, pp. 232–239.
     Google Scholar
  4. Kobasko, N.I., Aronov M. A., Powell J. A., Totten G. E., “Intensive Quenching Systems: Engineering and Design”. ASTM International, USA, 2010. 234 p. doi: 10.1520/mnl64-eb.
     Google Scholar
  5. Tolubinsky, V. I., Teploobmen pri kipenii (Heat transfer at boiling), Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1980, 316.
     Google Scholar
  6. Mikheev, M. A., and I. M. Mikheeva, Osnovy teploperedachi (Basics of heat transfer), Energy, Moscow, 1977.
     Google Scholar
  7. Kobasko, N., Austempering processes that are performed via cold liquids, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2019, 116 p. IBSN: 978-620-0-113-30-6.
     Google Scholar
  8. Martin, H, Impinging Jets, Hemisphere Handbook of Heat Exchanger Design, G. F. Hewitt, Coordinating Ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1990, pp. 2,5. 6–1.
     Google Scholar
  9. Kobasko, N.I., Moskalenko,A.A., Logvinenko, P.N, Dobryvechir, V.V., New direction in liquid quenching media development, Теплофізика та теплоенерг етика, 2019, т. 41, №3 pp. 33–40.
     Google Scholar
  10. Kobasko N., Advanced quenching technologies, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2021, 126 p. ISBN: 978-620-3-47191-5.
     Google Scholar
  11. Kobasko, N.I., Uniform and Intense Cooling During Hardening Steel in Low Concentration of Water Polymer Solutions. American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 8, No. 6, 2019, pp. 76-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20190806.11.
     Google Scholar
  12. Nozdrev B.F, Senkevich AA. Course of Statistical Physics. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1969.
     Google Scholar
  13. Frenkel, Ya. I., Kinetic Theory of Liquids, Selected Works, Vol. 3, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1959.
     Google Scholar
  14. Fedorov, V. I., Kovalenko, G. V. and Kostanchuk, D. M, On the Issue of Boiling Up a Liquid on a Metal Surface, IFZh, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1977, pp. 18–23.
     Google Scholar
  15. Kondrat’ev, G. M., Regulyarnyi Teplovoy Rezhim (Regular Thermal Mode), Gostekhizdat, Moscow, 1954, 364.
     Google Scholar
  16. Kondrat’ev, G. M., Teplovye Izmereniya (Thermal measurements), Mashgiz, Moscow, 1957, 250.
     Google Scholar
  17. Lykov, A. V., Teoriya Teploprovodnosti (Theory of heat conductivity), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1967, 600.
     Google Scholar
  18. Kobasko, N. I., Quenching Apparatus and Method for Hardening Steel Parts, U.S. Patent No. 6,364,974 BI, April 2, 2002.
     Google Scholar
  19. Totten, G.E., Bates, C.E., and Clinton, N.A., Handbook of Quenchants and Quenching Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1993, 507 p.
     Google Scholar
  20. Kobasko, N. I. (2012). Real and Effective Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTCs) Used for Computer Vol. 1, Issue Simulation of Transient Nucleate Boiling Processes During Quenching. Materials Performance and Characterization, 1, 1–20. doi: 10.1520/mpc-2012-0012.
     Google Scholar
  21. Kobasko, N., Designing of advanced and original austempering processes based on thermal science and engineering physics approaches, EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, Number 2, 2016, pp.43–50.
     Google Scholar
  22. French, H. J., The Quenching of Steels, American Society for Steel Treating, Cleveland, OH, 1930.
     Google Scholar
  23. Kutateladze, S. S., Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York, 1963.
     Google Scholar
  24. Kobasko, N. I., A. A. Moskalenko, G. E. Totten, and G. M. Webster, Experimental Determination of the First and Second Critical Heat Flux Densities and Quench Process Characterization, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1997, pp. 93–101.
     Google Scholar
  25. Kobasko N.I., A universal correlation for the calculation of heating and cooling time of any steel, Materials Performance and Characterization, 2017, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 551–565. doi: 10.1520/MPC20170034. Available online at www.astm.org.
     Google Scholar